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Previous research in humans and mice suggests that B vitamins, particularly folate, play a role in the prevention of colorectal cancer. Using a mouse model of naturally occurring colorectal cancer, the USDA HNRCA scientists examined whether a mothers’ B vitamin intake impacts her offspring’s cancer risk. Mothers were fed diets containing supplemental, adequate or mildly deficient quantities of vitamins B₂, B₆, B₁₂ and folate prior to conception through weaning after which all of the offspring received the same adequate diet.

“We saw, by far, the fewest intestinal tumors in the offspring of mothers consuming the supplemented diet,” says Jimmy Crott, PhD, senior author and a scientist in the Vitamins and Carcinogenesis Laboratory at the USDA HNRCA. “Although the tumor incidence was similar between offspring of deficient and adequate mothers, 54% of tumors in the deficient offspring were advanced and had invaded surrounding tissue while only 18% of tumors in the offspring of adequate mothers displayed these aggressive properties.”

The results were published online June 9 in the journal Gut.

Crott and colleagues associated the tumor suppression seen in the offspring of supplemented mothers with a protection against disruptions to the Wnt signaling pathway, a network of genes commonly altered in colorectal cancer.

“The strongest expression of tumor-suppressing genes in the Wnt pathway was in the offspring of supplemented mothers and the weakest was in the offspring of the mildly deficient mothers,” says first author Eric Ciappio, a PhD candidate at the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts.

“We attribute these differences in gene expression to epigenetics, modifications of DNA which are sensitive to environmental factors such as diet,” Ciappio continues. “In this case, changing maternal B vitamin intake had lasting epigenetic effects in offspring and may explain the differences in tumor incidence and aggressiveness we observed.”

It remains unclear whether maternal consumption of the four B vitamins could impact tumor development in humans. “”While evidence is beginning to accumulate to suggest that maternal consumption of supplements containing folate may afford some protection against childhood cancers in offspring, we don’t yet have the ability to determine whether the same holds true for cancers that normally present in the mid to late decades of life,” explains Crott, who is also an assistant professor at the Friedman School.

Crott adds, “Aside from the known protective effect of maternal folate against neural tube defects such as spina bifida, our results suggest that mothers consuming supplemental quantities of these B vitamins may also be protecting her children against colorectal cancer.”

This study was funded by a cooperative agreement with the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).

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Journal Reference:

1. Eric D Ciappio, Zhenhua Liu, Ryan S Brooks, Joel B Mason, Roderick T Bronson, Jimmy W Crott. Maternal B vitamin supplementation from preconception through weaning suppresses intestinal tumorigenesis in Apc1638N mouse offspring. Gut, 9 June 2011 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2011.240291

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We all know that the presence of vitamin D in our bodies is important for a variety of reasons notably for the absorption and utilization of calcium & phosphorus by the intestinal tract, to enable normal mineralization of the bone, reduce cancer risk and may play a role in the prevention or treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, hypertension and multiple sclerosis.

The question here is what is the best source of vitamin D?

Science seems to be divided on the answer to this question especially in the area of supplementation. There are some scientists who believe that our diets are deficient in vitamin D and that supplementation is necessary. Others say that the recommended dosages for adequate vitamin D supplementation are inadequate (Michael Holick, M.D., and a group of other nutrition experts writing in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (March, 2007, 85(3);649-650.) Still others claim that vitamin D supplementation suppresses the immune system (Trevor Marshall, Ph.D., professor at Australia’s Murdoch University School of Biological Medicine and Biotechnology).

In the absence of a clear scientific conclusion where should we turn for the answer to the question at hand? Personally, when I am conflicted, having no clear choice I always chose to err on the side of safety and turn to the body’s built in mechanisms. The body produces vitamin D naturally when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet rays. In my opinion this is the most natural method of assuring that vitamin D is present in the body. Many studies show that most people meet their vitamin D needs through exposure to sunlight. The factors that affect UV radiation exposure and research to date on the amount of sun exposure needed to maintain adequate vitamin D levels make it difficult to provide general guidelines. It has been suggested by some vitamin D researchers, for example, that approximately 5-30 minutes of sun exposure between 10 AM and 3 PM at least twice a week to the face, arms, legs, or back without sunscreen usually lead to sufficient vitamin D synthesis and that the moderate use of commercial tanning beds that emit 2-6% UVB radiation is also effective. Individuals with limited sun exposure need to include good sources of vitamin D in their diet (milk or fish) or take a supplement.

It is important to note that vitamin D obtained from sun exposure, food, and supplements is biologically inert and must undergo two hydroxylations in the body for activation. The first occurs in the liver and converts vitamin D to 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], also known as calcidiol. The second occurs primarily in the kidney and forms the physiologically active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], also known as clairol. For people who suffer from some kind of dysfunction of the liver or kidney further supplementation may be necessary for the body to hydroxylate the vitimin. If you do suffer from inadequate liver or kidney function and desire to optimize the way your body uses vitamin D you should consult your physician.

Conclusion: Until there is a clear consensus on weather vitamin D supplementation is beneficial or harmful I suggest letting your body produce it’s own vitamin D from sunlight as it was designed to do.

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